subnetting.online: July 2019

Sunday, 28 July 2019

TOP 5ve Bussinees idea

Hello friend today i am going to share with you my own bussiness idea and all possible helps .

1. Londry bussiness:

HOW TO MAKE A BLOG AND EARN MONEY

Blogging is the the most popular way to earn Name and Fame in free of cost.YOU SHOULD ONLY DO ONE THING that are Hard-Working and Smart-Working.
Now, I am going to tell you How to creat your blog ,Sorry not only blog it can be big opportinity for you grow int the futer.
There are some easy step to fllows you,.

1. Choose your topic in which you are interested.
2. Choose your blogging plateform like as , blogger.com, wordpress.com,wix.com etc.
3. Buy your own domain name as like your choice.
4. Creat your account in blogger.com.
5. customise your theme.

6. Creat your page and post an article about your choosen subject.

INTER VLAN ROUTING:

The inter-vlan routing is a proporties of in vlan routing. there are some point about inter vlan routing.

VLANs divide broadcast domains in a LAN environment. Whenever hosts in one VLAN need to communicate with hosts in another VLAN, the traffic must be routed between them. This is known as inter-VLAN routing. On Catalyst switches it is accomplished by the creation of Layer 3 interfaces (switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) )
Consider, this, as the network administrator, one of your tasks is to create and assign different users to VLANs in your network, you have three main departments which should be logically segmented using VLANs, VLAN 10 – FINANCE, VLAN 20 – SALES and VLAN 30 – HR.
The use of VLANs means that users would not be able to communicate across departments, i.e. a user in FINANCE, would not be able to send a message to a user in SALES since they are on different broadcast domains.
In many enterprises, you will find that information sharing across departments is a requirement, therefore, the question begs, how do you make users in the SALES and FINANCE department communicate, yet they are on different VLANS?

Saturday, 27 July 2019

BACKUP AND RESTORE OF ROUTER / NV-RAM

IT is use to save data on server and after delete the data to restore the data from server to router.example>
some time or any time to any reason the data from nvram or ios can be deleted so thats there should be backup in any drive or server .so thats of we use the backup for restore data from server.

Backup and Restore of NV-RAM:-

Backup of NV-RAM on server.

router conect to server

step 1. copy startup config
step 2. tftp:
step3. ip address of server like as 192.168.1.1
step4. destination of filename xyz (in fig give any destination file name like xyz after given ip .)
step5. coding is in fig.

Restore of NV-RAM:-

Step1.   first make connectivity to server and router .

step2.    Assign the ip in router .
step3.    check connection to server.
step4.    copy tftp:
step5. startup confi.
step6.   give ip address of server.
step7.   give source name xyz.(which was give in backup time)
step8. press enter again enter
step9. copy startup confi running config.

See in fig now ,

step 7 in fig

BACK-UP AND RESTORE OF IOS:

BACK UP AND RESTORE OF IOS(Internetwork Operating System):-

IOS Installation in flash Drive :

There are some step follow thats to backup of ios in Router:

step1. Show flash (this is a cmd as in fig). and then copy .bin file as high light in fig.
fig of ios backup

after this write next commond.
step2. copy flash :tftp: step3. and then paste .bin file(thatb was you coppied).
step4. give give host name (server ip address).
step5. give destination of file in which you want to save file.

After this now, go to switch CLI and write some commond are bellow

1. int fa0/1

2. soanning tree portfast.

3. end

4. wr. and the press enter button.

IOS Restore from Server:

Please follow the step for restore ios from server/

step 1. Reload the Router and go to Rommon mode.

step2. tftpdnld

step3. IP_ADDRESS= give your router ip as in fig.

follow all as in fig. and note - write down commond as it is in fig .

you should write doun your adress and file name

step4. press y .and 2 times enter button.

step 5 ..reset. and press enter button.c

HOW TO RECOVER/BREAK PASSWORD IN ROUTER

BREAK / RECOVER PASSWORD IN ROUTER:-

There are some step to break / recover password in router.

step1. Connect console cable with computer.

step2. open putty //command.

step3/ .Restart Router and press ctrl+c or ctrl+shift+break at time while rebooting of router.

step4. now you will be in rommon mode ,it is an factory default.is like this in fig.

step5. write confreg 0x2142, then press enter. as like in above fig.

step6. rommon2> write reset press enter. and waite a minute.

step7. Now come in privilege mode ,and write

step8. show startup config

step9.copy startup config as like in below fig.

step10. running config , after this write code as in fig.

step11.no enable secret ,thi as like in fig

step12. Configure resister ox2102

step13. end

step14. write

step15. reload.

Click here to go to ios backup of router:

Friday, 26 July 2019

PASSWORD IN ROUTER

Password for Router:-

there are we tell aboute three types of password for security purpose.

Consol password;-

this password is used in router to secure the consol port of router or also authentication verifying for entry in user mode.in given below picture show you a commond for consol password and it is define in configure mode.

note -where xyz->any password you can write

Auxiliary port password;-

: This password is used to secure auxillary port of router from any user. this password is also command in configure mode of programe.
: note -where xyz->any password you can write.; Privileged mode password is used to stop unknown user to enter in the privileged mode. here we used a two types of password .
Clear text password:-: in this password system any body show your password on display. throw cmd; note -where xyz->any password you can write.

Encrypted password :-

: This password is secret password ,it is a strong password it is restored in encrypted form.
Note :- encrypted password and clear text password neve can be same.

How to recover/break password, click here

TELNET AND SSH

TELNET AND SSH(Secure Shell):

Telnet:

(1). It is used to remotely control /access the Router.
(2). the port no. is define as 23.
(3). Telnet is based on tcp & it can be used to have an interface tcp connection of protocols.
(4). To login the server ,telnet assign username and password.
(5). it is unseccured.

TELNET AND SSH SETUP

Telnet configuaration:-

for telnet confiquaration we should follow bellow cmd in system cli.

step(1). line vty 0 4(here we can write any number for confiquaration from no. of computer. example : we want to access tellnet from 3 computer then we write there 0 2. ).
NOTE: Any system can access only 16 computer for telnet at one time.

step(2). login local
step3. username abc password cisco@200 (you can use any username/ passwoed in place of abc / cisco@200).
step4. exit.
step5. enable secret xyz(xyz is a password can change it).
step 6. do write.

in this fig is telnet confi. in router.

In fig here laptop 7 is used for remotely configuration.

CONFIGURATION IN REMOTLY COMPUTER 7

in fig show you configuration in laptop 7.

SSH(Secure SHell):-

SSH stand for secure shell .
SSh was developed by SSH community security ltd.
Secure shell is a protocol used for a secure connection between two system . in this protocols ,the client machine initiates a connection with a server machine.
The clienttransmit it authentication info to the server such as ausername and password in an encrypted form.
The entire data send recieve during the connectio is transfered using strong 512 bits encryption ,making it extremly different and strong realistic.

SSH CMD:-

Note :- SSh support RSA encrypted mode.
step 1. line vty 0 5.
step2. login local
step3. exit
step4. username xyz password abc (here xyz and abc are username and password respectively. you cant change it.)
step5. enable secret xxx
step 6. hostname r2 (hostname is must required for ssh confiquaration).
step7. ip domaim name example.com(can ive any domain name)
step 8. crypto key generate rsa

Now go to pc 7 in commond
step1. ssh-l (it is L not one) admin 192.168.1.1 (here admin means username xyz)
step2. password

OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) Dynamic Routing

OSPF DYNAMIC ROUTING :

1. ospf stand for open shortest path first. and it is layer 3 protocal.

2. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an open standards routing protocol that’s been implemented by a wide variety of network vendors, including Cisco.

3. OSPF converges quickly, although perhaps not as quickly as EIGRP, and it supports multiple, equal-cost routes to the same destination.

4.Administrative distance (AD) value is 110 and protocol no . is 89.

5. It use dijkstra algorithum to find best path.

6. Ospf supposed to be designed in a hierachical fashion, which basically means that you can separate the larger iinternetworks into

smaller internetwork called areas.

7. OSPF support only ip networks.

8. OSPF send routing table with unicaste /multicast with the 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 .

9. OSPF used process id (1- 65535) always effect locally not globally.

10. it is classless routing and support VLSM.And used wild-card mask (inverse of subnett mask).

OSPF CONFIGURATION:

STEP 1. router ospf 2( it is a proccess id)
step2. network 1.0.0.0( network ip address) 0.255.255.255(wildcard-mask ) area 10.
step 3 . do wr.
see in ass fig.

ospf confiquration

here in the fig we used
10.0.0.0 in place of 2.0.0.0 .for loopback 0.
.

OSPF TERMINOLOGY:

LINK: - A link is a network or router interface assigned to any given network.

ROUTER ID: - The router id is an IP address used to identify the router. CISCO chooses the router id by using the highest IP address of all configured loopback interface.

NEIGHBOR: - neighbors are two or more routers that have an interface on a common network, such as two routers connected on a point to point serial link.

ADJANCECY: - An adjacency is a relationship between two OSPF routers that permit the direct exchange of route updates.

Neighbor ship database: - The neighbor ship database is a list of all OSPF routers for which hello packet has been send.

Link state advertisement: - A link state advertisement (LSA) is an OSPF packet containing link state and routing information that’s shared among OSPF router.

OSPF AUTHENTICATION:

There are three types of authentication support by ospf routing.

1. Null Authentication.

2. clear text Authentication .

clear text authentication

3. MD5 Authentication.

md5 authentication

NOTE :- this above fig code used for ospf authentication on interface.

EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

EIGRP DYNAMIC ROUTING:-

EIGRP stand for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

1. Cisco proprietary protocol .

2. EIGRP is a classless, enhanced distance vector protocol that gives us a real edge over another Cisco proprietary protocol.

3. EIGRP is sometimes referred to as a hybrid routing protocol because it has characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state protocols.

4. EIGRP use 224.0.0.10 multicasts address to communicate with each other.

5. Maximum hop count 255

6. Maximum hop limit by default 100 ..

7 .Administrative distance value is 90 . class="auto-style8">Eigrp port no. is 88.

8. Load balance – 4 by default.

9. Maximum path = 16 .

10. Neighbor ship is created by hello message.

11. Hello time interval in LAN-5/sec, hold-down=15/sec, in WAN=60/sec, holddown= 180/sec.

EIGRP NEIGHBOR CONDITIONS:

1. EIGRP routers are willing to exchange routes with each other, they must become neighbors.  There are 4 conditions that must be met for neighbor ship establishment .
2. Hello or ACK received. .
3. AS(Autonomus number 1-65535) number should match .
4. Identical metrics ( K value must match) .
5. Authentication must match.
EIGRP CONFIGURATION :-
STEP 1 > go to in configuration mode.
and follow as in fig.

yo can code indivisually.
NOTE: For checking neighbor write: show ip eigrp 1 neighbor.

EIGRP AUTHENTICATION:

Now i will learn about how to secure my eigrp routing throw eigrp authentication.

lets start: EIGRP support only md5 / encrypted authentication.

step/cmd 1.key chain vinit

step/cmd 2. key 2.

step/cmd 3. key string cisco@123.

after these command goto in interface of router. and give cmd.

cmd 1. ip authentication mode eigrp 100(atonomus number) md5.

cmd 2. ipauthentication ke chain eigrp 100 vinit(key name).

example of code in eigrp routing with fig.

eigrp maintain three tables:-

1.Neighbor Table:It contains list of directly connected to router.

2. Topology Table: It contains list of best path and alternate best path.

3. Routing Table:- it contains only best path of routing.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS OF EIGRP:-

1. FD(Fessible Distance)"- total distamce between source to destination.

2. Successor :- Best path between source to destination (lowest fd in successor).

3. Feassible Succesor:- second best path between source to destination.

Thursday, 25 July 2019

RIP(Routing Information Protocol)

RIP confiquaration. via fig:

rip topology

RIP version 1 config.

note : all coding is in config. mode-

step1. Router(config t)#Router rip                    (enable rip routing protocol on router) Router(config-router).

step2. #Version 1                                         (configure router to support rip version 1 or default as version1) .

Note: without this version command router default supports version 1 Router(config-router).

step3. #Network 10.0.0.0                           Note: (advertise directly connected netwroknid not ip, if you are implementing subnetting ip range on lab topology use NID or network ) .
syep4. do wr.

RIPversion 2 config.

step1. Router(config t)#Router rip                    (enable rip routing protocol on router) Router(config-router).

step2. #Version 2                                           (configure router to support rip version 2) .

Note: without this version command router default supports version 1 Router(config-router).

step3. #Network 10.0.0.0                           Note: (advertise directly connected netwroknid not ip, if you are implementing subnetting ip range on lab topology use NID or network ) .
syep4. do wr.

IN fig defines more than one network.

EIGRP DYNAMIC ROUTING click here ::

RIP(Routing Information Protocols) Authentication:-

Rip Authentication support clear text and md5 authentication .
see and follow in fig now.
1. clear text authentication:

2. MD5 authentication/encrypting form authentication in RIP:
In md5 authentication same as clear text ,but only change in interface coding ,so see and follow the fig.

NOTE:- After any programming/coding save with "do wr " code.

Wednesday, 24 July 2019

DYNAMIC ROUTING

WHAT IS DYNAMIC ROUTING AND ITS TYPES:

1. Dynamic routing is the process of routing protocols running on the router communicating with neighbour routers.
2. This automatically created route by the router in a network with the help of protocols.

3. Once the path is determined, a router can route a routed protocol.

There are two protocols who is responsible for dynamic routing:-

1. Routing protocol:- it is used by router to send the update message or communicate with other router in a network.
2.Routed protocol:- it carry network traffic for routing protocols. Examples of routed protocols are ip, ipx, apple talk etc.

Types of routing protocols:-

1. IGP ( intergral gateway protocol):- it is a protocol that works within a logical boundry in term of CCNA/CISCO.this logical boundry is called autonomous system.Example:- RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS- IS ,

RIP:- Routing information protocol .
IGRP :- Internal gateway routing protocol .
EIGRP:- Enhance interial gateway routing protocol .
OSPF:- Open shortest path first.
IS-IS :- Intermediate system- intermediate system .

2. EGP ( Exterial gateway protocol):- protocol that work between two autonomous system is called EGP. Like:- BGP (Border gateway protocol) .

RIP(Routing Information Protocol):-

1.It is a Open System Protocols ,mean can run at any router easily.

2. it is classfull routing protocols(mean not carry subnet mask).

3. RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to a remote network, but it has a maximum allowable hop count of 15, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable.

4. Administrative distance value of rip is 120 .

5.RIP support UDP port n. 520

6. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector routing protocol.

7. load ballancing up to 4 equal part .

8. exchange entire routing table for every 30 second.

9. It works on application layer .and have two types Ripv1 and Ripv2.

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN RIP-V1 AND RIP-V2.

RIP-V1

1. It is classfull.
2.Broadcaste 225.255.255.255
3. No authentication support.
4. Not support summerisation.
5. it support v1 and v2 both.

RIPV2

1.It is classless.
2. Multicast 224.0.0.9
3. support Authentication.
4. Support auto summurised and mannual summerised.

WHAT IS ROUTING IN NETWORKING:

1. IT is a process in which used to find route between source to destination.

2. it is also used to select best path with the help of roting protocols.

3. In routing there is no need of gateway in same network /same router.

4. Every router maintain there own routing table.

5. Routers build routing tables initially based on their directly connected networks.

there are three types of routing protocols.

Static routing protocols .
Default routing protocols.
Dynamic routing protocols.

what is Routing table?

1.Routing tables are used to send data along specific paths to reach a particular destination.

2.Routers need to exchange routing tables so they can route data to networks that are not directly connected to them.

3. Routers require a Routing Protocol in order to exchange routing tables with their neighboring routers and advertise networks.

4. Static Routes: Manually added to the routing tables by the administrator.

5. Default Routes: Manually added to the routing table by the administrator to define a Default Gateway for the router. If the routing table does not have an entry for a destination network, send the packet to the Default Route.

6.Dynamically Learned through a Routing Protocol.

STATIC ROUTING:-

Static Routes are User-defined, manually created routes. The administrator creates Static Routes in a Cisco Router using the IP Route Command .
1.IN Static Routing administration must be defines every destination address in every router manually.
2. it is a trusted routing protocols.
3.Hard to implement.
4. It is suitable for small network.

Commond in confiquaration mode for static routing protocols :

1. # ip route.

2. # destination IP address subnetmask of destination ip gateway of starting network.

example: see in fig.

now we see example according to fig , i am in R1 place and i want to send a message to R3 network .so lets give commond according to fig .

so we have : 1 . Destination ip = 193.168.1.2, and Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0 , Gateway 192.168.1.2(every directly connected network will be gateway.)

statix figure

static configuration command

you can match the fig.

DEFAULT ROUTING PROTOCOLS:-

DEFAULT- ROUTING:- In Default routing destination address is unknown always(0.0.0.0) .

> it is used to forword the package as like multicasting.

> Default Routes define a router as the default router for your router. When there is no entry for the destination network in a routing table, the router will forward the packet to its default router. Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing table.

>. It is untrusted Routing .

>. It is used to networking in between for ISP to costumer.

>,The device to which the default route points is often called the default gateway, and it often carries out other functions such as packet filtering, firewalling, or proxy server operations.

>The default route in Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is designated as the zero-address 0.0.0.0/0 in CIDR notation,^[1] often called the quad-zero route.

CONFIGURATION OF DEFAULT ROUTING:

Default routing confiquarationis simple as static routing in default configuration is same as static routing but only change is that in destination address we used ip = 0.0.0.0 and subnet-mask 0.0.0.0 (ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2) . as like ib fig,

DYNAMIC ROUTING CLICK HERE

Administrative distance:- The administrative distance(AD) is used to rate the trustworth of routing information received on a router from a neighbor router. If you have more than one route to destination and all route having different routing protocol. The router choose path based on AD value. It is between 0- 255. 0 is the most trusted and 255 is trustless where no traffic will be passed via this network.

What is use of IP Assign in Router

The ip assigning method is use to give a particuller or dynamic addressing of a system to easly communicate each other.
The ip address contains of 32 bits data,and defined as 1.1.1.1 .
The ip address contents of Network id and Host id ,each part of ip address are of 8 bits.

Follow the step to assign an ip address.

step1. Open Router configuration mode.

step2. Inter in the interface of Router(like as , int s0/0).

step 3. Types ip add 192.168.1.1(this is your ip address,whicj can b differ as like you) 255.255.255.0(subnet mask).

step 3. no shut and then press do wr.

Now your ip have been assign

Sunday, 21 July 2019

BASIC CONFIGURATION OF ROUTER

Basic configuration of router:-

Routers can be configured from: Console terminal; Auxiliary port – externally, via modems; Virtual terminals (Telnet) – after installation

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