OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) Dynamic Routing

   OSPF DYNAMIC ROUTING :

1. ospf stand for open shortest path first. and it is  layer 3 protocal.

2. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an open standards routing protocol that’s been implemented by a wide variety of network vendors, including Cisco.

3. OSPF converges quickly, although perhaps not as quickly as EIGRP, and it supports multiple, equal-cost routes to the same destination. 

 4.Administrative distance (AD) value is 110 and protocol no . is 89.

5. It use dijkstra algorithum to find best path.

6. Ospf supposed to be designed in a hierachical fashion, which basically means that you can separate the larger iinternetworks into

 smaller      internetwork called areas.

7. OSPF support only ip networks.

8. OSPF send routing table with unicaste /multicast with the 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6  .

9. OSPF used process id (1- 65535) always effect locally not globally.

10. it is classless routing and support VLSM.And used wild-card mask (inverse of subnett mask).


OSPF CONFIGURATION: 

STEP 1.  router ospf 2( it is a proccess id)
step2. network 1.0.0.0( network ip address)  0.255.255.255(wildcard-mask  ) area 10.
step 3 . do wr.
see in ass fig. 

                      

ospf confiquration

     here in the fig we used
10.0.0.0 in place of 2.0.0.0  .for loopback 0.
.

  OSPF TERMINOLOGY:

LINK: - A link is a network or router interface assigned to any given network.

ROUTER ID: - The router id is an IP address used to identify the router. CISCO chooses the router id by using the highest IP address of all configured loopback interface.

NEIGHBOR: - neighbors are two or more routers that have an interface on a common network, such as two routers connected on a point to point serial link.

 ADJANCECY: - An adjacency is a relationship between two OSPF routers that permit the direct exchange of route updates.

 Neighbor ship database: - The neighbor ship database is a list of all OSPF routers for which hello packet has been send.

 

Link state advertisement: - A link state advertisement (LSA) is an OSPF packet containing link state and routing information that’s shared among OSPF router.

 

                                                                                      OSPF AUTHENTICATION:

 

  There are three types of authentication support by ospf routing.

  1. Null Authentication.

  2. clear text Authentication .

 

            

clear text authentication

 

  3. MD5 Authentication.

 

                     

md5 authentication

 

 

NOTE :- this above fig code used for ospf authentication on interface.

EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

 EIGRP DYNAMIC ROUTING:-   

                                                           
EIGRP stand for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

 1. Cisco proprietary protocol .

2.   EIGRP is a classless, enhanced distance vector protocol that gives us a real edge over another Cisco proprietary protocol.

 

3.   EIGRP is sometimes referred to as a hybrid routing protocol because it has characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state protocols.

4.   EIGRP use 224.0.0.10 multicasts address to communicate with each other.

 

5.  Maximum hop count 255

 

6.  Maximum hop limit by default 100 ..

 

7 .Administrative distance value is 90 . class="auto-style8">Eigrp port no. is 88.

8. Load balance – 4 by default.

 

9. Maximum path = 16 .

 

10. Neighbor ship is created by hello message.

 

 11. Hello time interval in LAN-5/sec, hold-down=15/sec, in WAN=60/sec, holddown= 180/sec.

 

EIGRP NEIGHBOR  CONDITIONS:

1.  EIGRP routers are willing to exchange routes with each other, they must become neighbors.  There are 4 conditions that must be met for neighbor ship establishment .
2. Hello or ACK received. .
3. AS(Autonomus number 1-65535) number should match .
4. Identical metrics ( K value must match) .
5. Authentication must match.
EIGRP CONFIGURATION :-
STEP 1 > go to in configuration mode.
and follow as in fig.

         

               yo can code indivisually.
NOTE: For checking  neighbor write:  show ip eigrp 1 neighbor.

EIGRP AUTHENTICATION:

 Now i will learn about how to secure my eigrp routing throw eigrp authentication.

lets start: EIGRP support only md5 / encrypted authentication.

step/cmd 1.key chain vinit

step/cmd 2. key 2.

step/cmd 3.  key string cisco@123.

after these command goto in interface of router. and give cmd.

cmd 1.  ip authentication mode eigrp 100(atonomus number) md5.

cmd 2. ipauthentication ke chain eigrp 100 vinit(key name).

example of code in eigrp routing with fig.

                        

eigrp maintain three tables:-

1.Neighbor Table:It contains list of directly connected to router.

2. Topology Table: It contains list of best path and alternate best path.

3. Routing Table:- it contains only best path of routing.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS OF EIGRP:-

1. FD(Fessible Distance)"- total distamce between source to destination.

2. Successor :- Best path between source to destination  (lowest fd in successor).

3. Feassible Succesor:- second best path between source to destination.

RIP(Routing Information Protocol)

  RIP confiquaration. via fig:

rip topology

 

 RIP version 1 config.

note : all coding is in config. mode-

 step1.  Router(config t)#Router rip                    (enable rip routing protocol on router) Router(config-router).

step2.  #Version  1                                         (configure router to support rip version 1 or default as version1) .

Note: without this version command router default supports version 1 Router(config-router).

step3. #Network 10.0.0.0                           Note: (advertise directly connected netwroknid not ip, if you are implementing subnetting ip range on lab topology use NID or network ) .
syep4. do wr.
 

                   

RIPversion 2 config.

step1.  Router(config t)#Router rip                    (enable rip routing protocol on router) Router(config-router).

step2.  #Version 2                                           (configure router to support rip version 2) .

Note: without this version command router default supports version 1 Router(config-router).

step3. #Network 10.0.0.0                           Note: (advertise directly connected netwroknid not ip, if you are implementing subnetting ip range on lab topology use NID or network ) .
syep4. do wr.

            

    IN fig defines more than one network.


EIGRP DYNAMIC ROUTING click here ::

RIP(Routing Information Protocols) Authentication:-

 Rip Authentication  support clear text and md5 authentication .
see and follow in fig now.
1. clear text authentication:

                 

2. MD5 authentication/encrypting form authentication in RIP:
In       md5 authentication same as clear text ,but only change in interface coding ,so see and follow the fig.

NOTE:- After any programming/coding save with "do wr " code.
                                    

DYNAMIC ROUTING

WHAT IS DYNAMIC ROUTING AND ITS TYPES:

 1.  Dynamic routing is the process of routing protocols running on the router communicating with neighbour routers.
2. This automatically created route by the router in a network with the help of protocols.

3. Once the path is determined, a router can route a routed protocol.

There are two protocols who is responsible for dynamic routing:-

1. Routing protocol:- it is used by router to send the update message or communicate with other router in a network.
2.Routed protocol:- it carry network traffic for routing protocols. Examples of routed protocols are ip, ipx, apple talk etc.

Types of routing protocols:-

1. IGP ( intergral gateway protocol):- it is a protocol that works within a logical boundry in term of CCNA/CISCO.this logical boundry is called autonomous system.Example:- RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS- IS ,

  RIP:-  Routing information protocol .
  IGRP :- Internal gateway routing protocol .
  EIGRP:- Enhance interial gateway routing protocol .
  OSPF:- Open shortest path first.
  IS-IS :- Intermediate system- intermediate system .

2. EGP ( Exterial gateway protocol):- protocol that work between two autonomous system is called EGP. Like:- BGP (Border gateway protocol) .

  RIP(Routing Information Protocol):-

     1.It is a Open System Protocols ,mean can run at any router easily.

 2. it is classfull routing protocols(mean not carry subnet mask).

 

3. RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to a remote network, but it has a maximum allowable hop count of 15, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable.

 

4. Administrative distance value of rip is 120 .

 

5.RIP support UDP port n. 520

6. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector routing protocol.

 

7. load ballancing up to 4 equal part .

 

8. exchange entire routing table for every 30 second.

 

9. It works on application layer .and have two types Ripv1 and Ripv2.

 

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN RIP-V1 AND RIP-V2.

 

RIP-V1                                             1. It is classfull.  2.Broadcaste 225.255.255.255 3. No authentication support. 4. Not support summerisation. 5. it support v1 and v2 both.

RIPV2     1.It is classless.     2. Multicast  224.0.0.9     3. support  Authentication.     4. Support auto summurised and mannual summerised.

WHAT IS ROUTING IN NETWORKING:

1. IT is a  process in which used to find route between source to destination.

2. it is also used to select best path with the help of roting protocols.

3. In routing there is no need of gateway in same network /same router.

4. Every router maintain there own routing table.

5. Routers build routing tables initially based on their directly connected networks.

 

1. there are three types of routing protocols.

• Static routing protocols .

• Default routing protocols.

• Dynamic routing protocols.

                                              what is Routing table?

1.Routing tables are used to send data along specific paths to reach a particular destination.

2.Routers need to exchange routing tables so they can route data to networks that are not directly connected to them.

 

3. Routers require a Routing Protocol in order to exchange routing tables with their neighboring routers and advertise networks.

 

4. Static Routes: Manually added to the routing tables by the administrator.

 

5. Default Routes: Manually added to the routing table by the administrator to define a Default Gateway for the router. If the routing table does not have an entry for a destination network, send the packet to the Default Route.

 

6.Dynamically Learned through a Routing Protocol.

 

                                        

    STATIC ROUTING:-

Static Routes are User-defined, manually created routes. The administrator creates Static Routes in a Cisco Router using the IP Route Command .
1.IN Static Routing administration must be defines every destination address in every router manually.
2. it is a trusted routing protocols.
3.Hard to implement.
4. It is suitable for small network.

Commond in confiquaration mode for static  routing protocols :

1. # ip route.

2. # destination  IP address   subnetmask of destination ip  gateway of starting network.

example:    see in fig.

                               

 now we see example according to fig , i am in R1 place and i want to send a message to R3 network .so lets  give commond according to fig . 

so we have : 1 .  Destination ip = 193.168.1.2,  and Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0 , Gateway  192.168.1.2(every directly connected network will be gateway.)

statix figure

                                         

static configuration command

  you can match the fig.

                                         DEFAULT ROUTING PROTOCOLS:-

DEFAULT- ROUTING:-  In  Default routing  destination address is unknown always(0.0.0.0) .

 >   it is used to forword the package as like multicasting.

>   Default Routes define a router as the default router for your router. When there is no entry for the destination network in a routing table, the router will forward the packet to its default router. Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing table.

>. It is untrusted Routing .

>. It is used to networking in between  for ISP to costumer.

>,The device to which the default route points is often called the default gateway, and it often carries out other functions such as packet filtering, firewalling, or proxy server operations.

>The default route in Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is designated as the zero-address 0.0.0.0/0 in CIDR notation,^[1] often called the quad-zero route.

CONFIGURATION OF DEFAULT ROUTING:

   Default routing confiquarationis simple as static routing in default configuration is same as static routing but only change is that in destination address we used ip = 0.0.0.0  and subnet-mask 0.0.0.0 (ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2) . as  like ib fig,

                               

DYNAMIC ROUTING CLICK HERE

 Administrative distance:- The administrative distance(AD) is used to rate the trustworth of routing information received on a router from a neighbor router. If you have more than one route to destination and all route having different routing protocol. The router choose path based on AD value. It is between 0- 255. 0 is the most trusted and 255 is trustless where no traffic will be passed via this network.

What is use of IP Assign in Router

The ip assigning method is use to give a particuller or dynamic addressing of a system to easly communicate each other.
The ip address contains of 32 bits data,and defined as 1.1.1.1 .
The ip address contents of Network id and Host id ,each part of ip address are of 8 bits.

Follow the step to assign an ip address.

 

step1.  Open Router configuration mode.

step2.  Inter in the interface of Router(like as , int s0/0).

step 3.  Types  ip add 192.168.1.1(this is your ip address,whicj can b differ as like you)   255.255.255.0(subnet mask).

step 3. no shut and then press do wr.

Now your ip have been assign

BASIC CONFIGURATION OF ROUTER

 Basic configuration of router:-

Routers can be configured from: Console terminal

Auxiliary port – externally, via modems

 Virtual terminals (Telnet) – after installation

INTERNAL CONFIGURATION COMPONENTS :

RAM:-

 Contains dynamic / running configuration

 NVRAM:-

 Contains backup of configuration (startup configuration)

 Flash:-

 Contains copy of Cisco IOS

 ROM :-

Contains a subset of IOS

 Contains bootable IOS image

 Interfaces :-

Network connections which packets enter/exit from routers, e.g. Ethernet, serial, BRI, Token Ring

 Console and auxiliary ports:-

 Main command-line interface used for configuration

ROUTER STARTUP SEQUENCE –

1. Bootstrap program loaded from ROM.

 2. Bootstrap runs the POST.

 3. Bootstrap locates IOS in Flash.

4. IOS is expanded and then loaded into RAM .

5. Once IOS is loaded into RAM, it looks for startup-config in NVRAM .

6. If found, the configuration is loaded into RAM .

ROUTER MODES :-

there are six mode in router but mainly used of them three modes.

1. User- mode.: Automatically enter this mode when router is turned on You can perform basic tasks, such as connect to remote devices, perform basic tests  .
    ,Prompt :is as  Router>.

   

   fig .user mode

2. Privileged Mode.: High-level testing commands Set operating parameters Command to enter : Router>enable  ,then show as  Prompt : Router#.

   

   fig- privilige  mode

   
                                                                     or
   By this mode we can check every configuration of router ,erase,reboot etc.
3. Global configuration mode :-  Commands apply to features that affect the system as a whole Enter from privileged EXEC mode with command :
   Router#config t,  Prompt : Router(config)# 

   

   fig- config mode

4.  Interface mode :-  Configure interface, such as Ethernet, serial Enter from global configuration mode with command : Router(config)#int e 0/0  Or Router(config)#int s 0/0 Prompt : Router(config-if)#
5. Rommon mode :-Provides router with a small subset of IOS and helps router boot if IOS not found in Flash Prompt : Rommon 1>
6. Setup mode :-Helps new user to create a configuration for the first time, via a series of questions Prompted at bootup or enter setup at
   router# prompt